Citrate Anticoagulation in Critically ill - Boon or Bane

Clinical Vignette

A 58-year-old male presents with septic shock secondary to a perforated bowel. He is intubated, on vasopressor support, and started on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) due to acute kidney injury and fluid overload. Citrate is being used as the anticoagulant for CRRT. Over the past 24 hours, his arterial blood gas shows worsening metabolic acidosis (pH 7.15, HCO3 16), with a recent ionized calcium (iCa) level of 0.85 mmol/L (low). Despite adequate calcium replacement, his blood pressure remains unstable, requiring escalating doses of vasopressors.

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1. Which of the following can be used as Regional anticoagulants in the CRRT?
2. What is the advantage of using Citrate over other anticoagulants during CRRT?
3. Which of the following are seen with the use of Regional Citrate Anticoagulation?
4. Which of the following metabolic abnormalities can happen with the use of Regional Citrate Anticoagulation?
5. Which of the following conditions is considered to be a potential limitation for the utility of Regional Citrate Anticoagulation?
6. Citrate accumulation can be differentiated from citrate net overload by?
7. Which of the following interventions help in the management of Citrate accumulation?
8. Regional Citrate Anticoagulation is helpful in which of the following extracorporeal circulation techniques?
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